In recent years, drought events have become more frequent. Against the backdrop of increasing water scarcity in many regions, the rational exploitation and proper management of groundwater have become an urgent necessity.Based on the daily groundwater level data from the Poyang lake basin in 2018-2022, this study employed cluster analysis, Kriging spatial interpolation, and centroid migration methods to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of groundwater depth at different temporal scales in the basin. The results indicated that the groundwater depth in the Poyang lake basin showed three patterns over multiple years: stable, "V-shaped," and "N-shaped." Affected by the droughts of 2019 and 2022, the central region of the basin experienced a rapid increase in groundwater depth within a short period. The spatial distribution of groundwater depth was characterized by being deeper in the center and shallower around the edges, gradually decreasing from the inside outward. During the flood season, the groundwater depth was noticeably shallower than in the non-flood season, and the center of groundwater depth shifted toward the northeast. These findings can provide critical scientific references for ensuring water security and sustainable development in the Poyang lake basin.