To further grasp the trend of water environment evolution in Poyang lake and maintain the sustainable and healthy development of the ecological zones of Poyang lake，this study conducted an in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics and anomalies of nitrogen and phosphorus in Poyang lake in the past 13 years，and analyzed the main driving factors and their influencing pathways. The study showed that during the period from 2010 to 2022，the concentrations of total nitrogen（TN）and total phosphorus（TP）in Poyang lake were generally lower during the high water period than during the low water period，and the southern lake area was higher than the northern river channel. In 2015，the spatiotemporal characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Poyang lake showed abnormal changes，with TN and TP levels during the high water period higher than during the low water period，and TN and TP concentrations in the northern lake area higher than in the southern lake area. The pollution load into the lake and hydrological changes were still the main factors affecting the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in Poyang lake，while the differences in the "disc-shaped lake" structure and water distribution caused by the lake pattern during the middle and low water levels are considered as the important driving factors for the abnormal changes in TN and TP spatiotemporal characteristics of Poyang lake. This study can provide new perspective for relative studies on the spatiotemporal changes and driving factors of nitrogen and phosphorus in Poyang lake.